Please refer to the attached file.
This publication provides a comprehensive assessment of the normative, legal and ethical frameworks governing the use of biometrics and artificial intelligence in identity management systems. As these technologies increasingly underpin how individuals are recognized, registered and granted access to services, the document examines both their potential to enhance security, efficiency and inclusion, and the complex risks they pose in relation to privacy, discrimination and accountability. Drawing on international human rights law, data protection standards and emerging regulatory approaches, the publication offers evidence-based analysis and practical recommendations to support rights-based, transparent and accountable identity systems.